前辅文
1 INTRODUCTION, MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATING
1-1 The Nature of Science
1-2 Models, Theories, and Laws
1-3 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures
1-4 Units, Standards, and the SI System
1-5 Converting Units
1-6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating
1-7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
2 DESCRIBING MOTION: KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION
2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement
2-2 Average Velocity
2-3 Instantaneous Velocity
2-4 Acceleration
2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration
2-6 Solving Problems
2-7 Falling Objects
2-8 Use of Calculus; Variable Acceleration
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS; VECTORS
3-1 Vectors and Scalars
3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
3-4 Adding Vectors by Components
3-5 Unit Vectors
3-6 Vector Kinematics
3-7 Projectile Motion
3-8 Solving Problems involving Projectile Motion
3-9 Uniform Circular Motion
3-10 Relative Velocity
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
4 DYNAMICS: NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION
4-1 Force
4-2 Newton's First Law of Motion
4-3 Mass
4-4 Newton's Second Law of Motion
4-5 Newton's Third Law of Motion
4-6 Weight——the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force
4-7 Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams
4-8 Problem Solving——A General Appranch
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
5 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON's LAWS
5-1 Applications of Newton's Laws Involving Friction
5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
5-3 Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked
5-4 Nonuniform Circular Motion
5-5 Velocity-Dependent Forces; Terminal Velocity
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
*6 GRAVITATION AND NEWTON'S SYNTHESIS
6-1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
6-2 Satellites and "Weightlessness”
6-3 Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis
6-4 Gravitational Field
6-5 Types of Forces in Nature
6-6 Gravitational Versus Inertial Mass; the Principle of Equivalence
6-7 Gravitation as Curvature of Space; Black Holes
QUESTIONS
7 WORK AND ENERGY
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors
7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force
7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle
*7-5 Kinetic Energy at Very High Speed
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
8 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
8-2 Potential Energy
8-3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
8-4 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
8-5 The Law of Conservation of Energy
8-6 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems
8-7 Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity
8-8 Power
8-9 Potengyl Energy Diagrams; Stable and Unstable Equilibrium
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
9 LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS
9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force
9-2 Conservation of Momentum
9-3 Collisions and Impulse
9-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions
9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
9-6 Inelastic Collisions
9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions
9-8 Center of Mass (CM)
9-9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion
*9-10 Systems of Variable Mass; Rocket Propulsion
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
10 ROTATIONAL MOTION ABOUT A FIXED AXIS
10-1 Angular Quantities
10-2 Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Rotational Motion
10-3 Rolling Motion (without slipping)
10-4 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities
10-5 Torque
10-6 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia
10-7 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics
10-8 Determining Moments of Inertia
10-9 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
10-10 Rotational Kinetic Energy
10-11 Rotational Plus Translational Motion; Rolling
*10-12 Why Does a Rolling Sphere Slow Down?
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
11 GENERAL ROTATION
11-1 Vector Cross Product
11-2 The Torque Vector
11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle
11-4 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles; General Motion
11-5 Angular Momentum and Torque
*11-6 Rotational Imbalance for a Rigid Body
11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentun
*11-8 The Spinning Top
11-9 Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces
*11-10 The Coriolis Effect
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
12 OSCILLATIONS
12-1 Oscillations of a Spring
12-2 Simple Harmonic Motion
12-3 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
12-4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion
12-5 The Simple Pendulum
12-6 The Physical Pendulum and the Torsion Pendulum
12-7 Damped Harmonic Motion
12-8 Forced Vibrations; Resonance
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
13 WAVE MOTION
13-1 Characteristics of Wave Motion
13-2 Wave Types
13-3 Energy Transported by Waves
13-4 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave
*13-5 The Wave Equation
13-6 The Principle of Superposition
13-7 Reflection and Transmission
13-8 Interference
13-9 Standig, Waves; Resonance
*13-10 Refraction
13-11 Diffraction
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
14 SOUND
14-1 Characteristics of Sound
*14-2 Intensity of Sound; Decibels
14-3 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats
14-4 DoppleiEffect
*14-5 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom
*14-6 Applications; Sonar, Ultrasound and Ultrasound Imaging
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
15 TEMPERATURE AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW
15-1 Atomic Theory of Matter
15-2 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
15-3 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature
15-4 The Ideal Gas Law
15-5 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law
15-6 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro's Number
*15-7 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale—a Standard
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
16 KINETC THEORY OF GASES
16-1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature
16-2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
16-3 Real Gases and Changes of Phase
*16-4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity
*16-5 Van der Waals Equation of State
16-6 Mean Free Path
*16-7 Diffusion
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
17 HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
17-1 Heat as Energy Transfer
17-2 Internal Energy
17-3 Specific Heat
17-4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
17-5 Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics; Calculating the Work
17-6 Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy
17-7 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas
*17-8 Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
18 SECOND LAW OF THERMOD-YNAMICS
18-1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction
18-2 Heat Engines
18-3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes; the Carnot Engine
18-4 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
18-5 Entropy
18-6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
18-7 Order to Disorder
18-8 Energy Availability; Heat Death
*18-9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law
*18-10 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale; Absolute Zero, and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
19 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD
19-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
19-2 Electric Charge in the Atom
19-3 Insulators and Conductors
19-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
19-5 Coulomb's Law
19-6 The Electric Field
19-7 Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions
19-8 Field Ismes
19-9 Electric Fields and Conductors
19-10 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
19-11 Electric Dipoles
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
20 GAUSS'S LAW
20-1 Electric Flux
20-2 Gauss's Law
20-3 Applications of Gauss's Law
*20-4 Experimental Basis of Gauss's and Coulomb's Law
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
21 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
21-1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
21-2 Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field
21-3 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
21-4 Potential Due to Any Charge Distribution
21-5 Equipotential Surfaces
21-6 Electricipoles
21-7 E Determined from V
21-8 Electrostatic Potential Energy; the Electron Volt
*21-9 Cathode Ray Tube: TV and Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
22 CAPACITANCE, DIELECTRICS, ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE
22-1 Capacitors
22-2 Determination of Capacitance
22-3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
22-4 ElectricEnergy Storage
22-5 Dielectrics
22-6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
23 ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND RESISTANCE
23-1 The Electric Battery
23-2 Electric Current
23-3 Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors
23-4 Resistivity
23-5 Electric Power
23-6 Alternating Current
23-7 Aliternscople Vjew of Electrie Curtrente Current Density and Drift Velocity
*23-8 Superconductivity
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
24 DC CIRCUITS
24-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage
24-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel
*24-3 Kirchhoff's Rules
*24-4 Circuits Containing Resistor and Capacitor (RC Circuits)
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
25 MAGNETISM
25-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields
25-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetism
25-3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B
25-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field
25-5 Torque on a Current Loop: Magnetic Dipole Moment
*25-6 Applications: Galvanometers, Motors, Loudspeakers
*25-7 Dicovery and Properties of the Electron
25-8 The Hall Effect
*25-9 Mass Spectrometer
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
26 SOURCES OF MAGNETC FELD
26-1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire
26-2 Force between Two Parallel Wires
26-3 Operational Definitions of the Ampere and the Coulomb
26-4 Ampère's Law
26-5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid
26-6 Biot-Savart Law
*26-7 Magnetic Materials——Ferromagnetism
26-8 Electromagnets and Solenoids
26-9 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials; Hysteresis
*26-10 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
27 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND FARADAY'S LAW
27-1 Induced EMF
27-2 Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law
27-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
27-4 A Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field
*27-5 Applications of Induction: Sound Systems, Computer Memory, the Seismograph
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
28 INDUCTANCE; AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS
28-1 Mutual Inductance
28-2 Self-Inductance
28-3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
*28-4 LR Circuits
*28-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations
*28-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
29 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
29-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampère's Law and Displacement Current
29-2 Gauss's Law for Magnetism
29-3 Maxwell's Equations
29-4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
29-5 Electromagnetic Waves, and Their Speed, from Maxwell's Equations
29-6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave a the Electromagnetic Spectrum
*29-7 Energy in EM Waves; the Poynting Vector
*29-8 Radiation Pressure
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
30 THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT; INTERFERENCE
30-1 Huygens' Principle and Diffraction
30-2 Huygens' Principle and the Law of Refraction
30-3 Interfmrence—Young's Double-Slit Experiment
30-4 Coherence
30-5 Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
30-6 Interference in Thin Films
30-7 Michelson Interferometer
*30-8 Luminous Intensity
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
31 DIFFRACTION AND POLARIZATION
31-1 Diffraction by a Single Slit
31-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern
31-3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment
31-4 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures
31-5 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the A Limit
*31-6 Ronplution of the Human Eye anà'Useful Magnification
31-7 Diffraction Grating
*31-8 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy
31-9 Peak Widths ạnd Resolving Power for a Diffraction Grating
31-10 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction
31-11 Polarization
*31-12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
32 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
32-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity
*32-2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment
32-3 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
32-4 Simultaneity
32-5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox
32-6 Length Contraction
32-7 Four-Dimensional Space-Time
32-8 Galilean and Lorentz Transformations
32-9 Relativistic Momentum and Mass
32-10 The Ultimate Speed
32-11 Energy and Mass; E=mc2
*32-12 Doppler Shift for Light
32-13 The Impact of Special Relativity
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
33 EARLY QUANTUM THEORY AND MODELS OF THE ATOM
33-1 Planck's Quantum Hypothesis
33-2 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect
33-3 Photons and the Compton Effect
33-4 Photon Interactions; Pair Production
33-5 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity
33-6 Wave Nature of Matter
*33-7 Electron Microscopes
33-8 Early Models of the Atom
33-9 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom
33-10 The Bohr Model
33-11 de Broglie's Hypothesis Applied to Atoms
SUMMARY
OUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
34 QUANTUM MECHANICS
34-1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory
34-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment
34-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
34-4 Philosophic Implications; Probability Versus Determinism
34-5 The Schrödinger Equation in One Dimension-Time-Índependent Form
34-6 Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation
34-7 Free Particles; Plane Waves and Wave Packets
34-8 Particle in an Infinitely Deep Square Well Potential (a Rigid Box)
34-9 Finite Potential Well
34-10 Tunneling through a Barrier
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
35 QUANTUM MECHANICS OF ATOMS
35-1 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms
35-2 Hydrogen Atom: Schrödinger Equation and Quantum Numbers
35-3 Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions
35-4 Complex Atoms; the Exclusion Principle
35-5 The Periodic Table of Elements
35-6 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number
35-7 Magnetic Dipole Moments: Total Angular Momentum
*35-8 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
*35-9 Lasers
*35-10 Holography
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
36 MOLECULES AND SOUDS
36-1 Bonding in Molecules
36-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules
36-3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds
36-4 Molecular Spectra
36-5 Bonding in Solids
36-6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals
36-7 Band Theory of Solids
36-8 Semiconductors and Doping
*36-9 Semiconductor Diodes
*36-10 Transistors and Integrated Circuits
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
GENERAL PROBLEMS
*37 RADIOACTIVIY NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND
37-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus
37-2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces
37-3 Radioactivity
37-4 Alpha Decay
37-5 Beta Decay
37-6 Gamma Decay
37-7 fonservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws
37-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay
37-9 Decay Series
37-10 Radioactive Dating
37-11 Detection of Radiation
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
*38 NUCLEAR ENERGY
38-1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements
38-2 Cross Section
38-3 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors
38-4 Fusion
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
*39 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
39-1 High-Energy Particles
39-2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
39-3 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics-Particle Exchange
39-4 Particles and Antiparticles
39-5 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws
39-6 Particle Classification
39-7 Particle Stability and Resonances
39-8 Strange Particles
39-9 Quarks
39-10 The "Standard Model”: Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and the Electroweak Theory
39-11 Grand Unified Theories
QUESTIONS
*40 ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY
40-1 Stars and Galaxies
40-2 Stellar Evolution; the Birth and Death of Stars
40-3 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space
40-4 The Expanding Universe
40-5 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background
40-6 The Standard Cosmological Model: The Early History of the Universe
40-7 The Future of the Universe?
QUESTIONS
APPENDICES
A MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
A-1 Quadratic Formula
A-2 Binomial Expansion
A-3 Other Expansions
A-4 Areas and Volumes
A-5 Plane Geometry
A-6 Trigonometric Functions and Identities
A-7 Logarithms
A-8 Vectors
B DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS
B-1 Derivatives: General Rules
B-2 Derivatives: Particular Functions
B-3 Indefinite Integrals: General Rules
B-4 Indefinite Integrals: Particular Functions
B-5 A few Definite Integrals
C GRAVITATIONAL FORCE DUE TO A SPHERICAL MASs DISTRIBUTION
ANSWERS TO PARTS OF PROBLEMS
